Anxiety is a part of life. But when it reaches a level that disrupts daily functioning, we can speak of an "anxiety disorder."
Nervousness before an exam, excitement before an important presentation, or fear when facing a dangerous situation — these are all normal, healthy forms of anxiety. This kind of anxiety motivates and protects us.
An anxiety disorder is different: it is a chronic state of anxiety that arises without a real threat, or with an intensity far disproportionate to any actual threat, and that negatively affects daily life, relationships, and work or academic performance.
Awareness: How common is it?
Approximately 284 million people worldwide live with an anxiety disorder — making anxiety the most prevalent mental health condition globally. (WHO, 2019)
Excessive, uncontrollable worry across multiple areas lasting at least 6 months. Persistent concern about work, health, family, finances and similar topics.
Sudden, intense fear episodes (panic attacks) characterised by palpitations, shortness of breath and fear of dying. Consists of recurring panic attacks.
Fear of being judged, humiliated or embarrassed in social situations. Can lead to avoidance of social interactions and isolation.
Disproportionate fear of specific objects or situations (heights, enclosed spaces, flying, spiders, etc.).
Symptoms can be grouped as emotional, cognitive and physical:
Emotional
Cognitive
Physical
Anxiety disorders are largely manageable with appropriate treatment. The main evidence-based approaches are:
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Focuses on recognising and changing the thought patterns that fuel anxiety. CBT has the strongest evidence base for anxiety disorders.
EMDR
Particularly effective for anxiety rooted in traumatic experiences.
Mindfulness-Based Approaches
Breaks the anxiety cycle by learning to stay present in the moment.
When should you seek help?
If your anxiety is negatively affecting your work, relationships or daily functioning; if you have developed avoidance behaviours; or if you are experiencing sleep difficulties, it is advisable to speak to a professional.
Genetic predisposition, prolonged stress, traumatic experiences, and learned thought patterns are among the main contributors. An overactive threat-detection system in the brain (the amygdala) also plays a physiological role.
With the right treatment, anxiety can be significantly reduced and well-managed. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and, where appropriate, medication are the most evidence-based approaches.
Some worry is normal. However, persistent, uncontrollable worry that spreads to many areas of life and lasts more than six months may indicate Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD). If it disrupts daily functioning, professional assessment is recommended.
Yes. Palpitations, shortness of breath, muscle tension, dizziness, sweating, and stomach discomfort are common physical manifestations of anxiety. A medical check-up to rule out organic causes is usually a helpful first step.